● United Kingdom has seen the number of people who smoke fall nearly 50% in the two decades since vapes were introduced;
● More people set to vape than smoke by 2025 as consumers switch to a readily available safer nicotine product;
● Government support for vaping showcases the power of tobacco harm reduction to bring down smoking rates.
The latest Briefing Paper from the Global State of Tobacco Harm Reduction (GSTHR), a project from public health agency Knowledge·Action·Change (K·A·C), focuses on the remarkable shift from smoking to vaping that has taken place in the United Kingdom in recent years. “A smokefree UK? How research, policy and vapes have cut smoking rates” explores some of the reasons behind the UK’s rapid and growing embrace of vaping, and provides another important case study showcasing the potential of tobacco harm reduction through the adoption of safer nicotine products (SNP), following our recent Briefing Paper on the effect heated tobacco products have had in Japan.
One of a number of positive country profiles set to feature in the fourth biennial Global State of Tobacco Harm Reduction report, published later this year, this Briefing Paper shows the number of people who smoke has fallen by nearly 50% since the introduction of vapes nearly two decades ago (from 23.7% of adults in 2005 to 12.9% in 2022).
Our newest publication also includes a significant forecast, based on the latest available data from the Office for National Statistics and Action on Smoking and Health, that reveals the number of adults who smoke will continue to fall to just over 10% next year (2025). In contrast the number of adults who vape will keep rising from the 11% recorded in 2024, meaning vaping will overtake smoking for the first time in the UK. These changes provide further evidence that when consumers have access to safer nicotine products that are acceptable and readily available, they will make the decision to switch in ever-increasing numbers.
While this Briefing Paper, which will be available in 12 languages as well as English, tells a story of consumers leading the way by adopting a new technology in a bid to improve their health, it also showcases the impact that scientific research and proactive Governments can have on public health policies.
The UK has played host to some significant milestones in the study of smoking and safer nicotine products. The link between smoking and cancer was first established in the UK in 1950 and these studies led to the publication of the Royal College of Physicians’ landmark report “Smoking and Health”. It was the first to widely publicise information about the negative effects of smoking on health, and it is considered to be a turning point in the history of public health in the UK. Moving forwards to 2015, the predecessor of the Office for Health Improvement and Disparities, Public Health England, published an independent evidence review that concluded nicotine vapes were around 95% less harmful than smoking. Now referenced around the world as the foremost example of the relative safety of vaping, this report concluded vapes had the potential to help people quit smoking.
Armed with such strong and reliable evidence supporting the role it could play in reducing smoking rates, successive UK Governments have continued to endorse vaping. Not only are vapes easy to access for those aged over 18, the Government and the National Health Service (NHS) have encouraged people to switch from smoking to vaping. One of the most radical ideas came in 2023 when the Government announced that one million people who smoked would be encouraged to switch from cigarettes to vapes. As part of the ‘swap to stop’ campaign, a world-first national scheme, around one fifth of those who smoked would be provided with a vape starter kit, alongside behavioural support, to help them quit. For its part, the NHS provides a wealth of evidence-based advice to those who smoke about the relative safety of vapes compared to cigarettes, though it does emphasise that the full benefits of vaping are only achieved by those who manage to stop smoking cigarettes completely.
David MacKintosh, a Director of K·A·C, which runs the Global State of Tobacco Harm Reduction project, commented:
“In a similar vein to that seen in Japan, the fall in smoking rates in the United Kingdom reinforces just how rapidly situations can improve when people already consuming nicotine by smoking can access a safer alternative like vapes. When vaping overtakes smoking next year in the UK, it will not be simply the consequence of a consumer-led revolution, although this has been significant, it will also be the result of successive Governments making pragmatic policy decisions based on the evidence in front of them. Maintaining a clear focus on reducing the use of combustible cigarettes provides an opportunity to achieve the ambitious 2030 ‘smokefree’ target.”
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Notes to editors
Contact: For further information please contact Oliver (07930 279916/[email protected]).
About us: Knowledge·Action·Change (K·A·C) promotes harm reduction as a key public health strategy grounded in human rights. The team has decades of experience of harm reduction work in drug use, HIV, smoking, sexual health, and prisons. K·A·C runs the Global State of Tobacco Harm Reduction (GSTHR) which maps the development of tobacco harm reduction and the use, availability and regulatory responses to safer nicotine products, as well as smoking prevalence and related mortality, in over 200 countries and regions around the world. For all publications and live data, visit https://gsthr.org
Our funding: The GSTHR project is produced with the help of a grant from Global Action to End Smoking (formerly known as Foundation for a Smoke-Free World), an independent, US nonprofit 501(c)(3) grant-making organisation, accelerating science-based efforts worldwide to end the smoking epidemic. The project and its outputs are, under the terms of the grant agreement, editorially independent of the Foundation. Global Action played no role in designing, implementing, data analysis, or interpretation of this Briefing Paper. The contents, selection, and presentation of facts, as well as any opinions expressed, are the sole responsibility of the authors and should not be regarded as reflecting the positions of Global Action to End Smoking.
