The relative risk spectrum of 15 nicotine product categories
(2025)
The crucial difference between all safer nicotine products and traditional cigarettes is that none of them deliver nicotine to the user through the combustion of tobacco. By not burning tobacco, all of these products, to varying degrees, are safer than continued smoking. A 2022 systematic review and meta-analysis by Rachel Murkett and colleagues showed the relative risk of different nicotine-containing products, and the stark difference in risk between those that are combustible and non-combustible.