Palenie tytoniu pozostaje poważnym problemem zdrowia publicznego w Macedonii. Według danych z 2017 roku, w kraju odnotowano około 786 800 osób aktualnie palących, a wskaźnik rozpowszechnienia palenia tytoniu wśród dorosłych wynosił 46%. Palenie było znacznie częstsze wśród mężczyzn (54,1%) niż wśród kobiet (33,3%). W 2021 roku szacowana liczba zgonów przypisywanych paleniu wyniosła 4 100, z czego 2 800 dotyczyło mężczyzn, a 1 300 kobiet. Śmiertelność spowodowana paleniem stanowiła 12,66% wszystkich zgonów w Macedonii – 15,9% wśród mężczyzn oraz 8,75% wśród kobiet. Kontrola palenia w Macedonii realizowana jest poprzez szereg regulacji. Obowiązuje całkowity zakaz wszelkiej reklamy wyrobów tytoniowych. Sprzedaż i używanie papierosów są dozwolone, łącznie z zakupami przez internet, jednak sprzedaż w automatach jest zabroniona. Dodatkowo na opakowaniach papierosów muszą znajdować się ostrzeżenia zdrowotne, a minimalny wiek uprawniający do zakupu to 18 lat. Obowiązują także ograniczenia prawne dotyczące palenia w miejscach publicznych, a całkowita stawka podatku akcyzowego na papierosy wynosi 0,77.
Częstość występowania
| Year | Value | Reference/Comment |
|---|---|---|
| 2017 | 46% | 1A A |
| 2024 | 39.9% | 1B |
- WHO. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2023. Available at: https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/country-profiles/tobacco/gtcr-2023/tobacco-2023-mkd.pdf?sfvrsn=5cd39762_3&download=true. Accessed: 10 June 2025.
- WHO. (2025). WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco use 2000–2024 and projections 2025–2030 (6th edn). World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240116276
- Adults survey: General population survey on drugs in the Republic of Macedonia, 2017; National, ages 15-64
| Year | Value | Reference/Comment |
|---|---|---|
| 2017 | 33.3% | 1A A |
| 2024 | 36.7% | 1B |
- WHO. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2023. Available at: https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/country-profiles/tobacco/gtcr-2023/tobacco-2023-mkd.pdf?sfvrsn=5cd39762_3&download=true. Accessed: 10 June 2025.
- WHO. (2025). WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco use 2000–2024 and projections 2025–2030 (6th edn). World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240116276
- Adults survey: General population survey on drugs in the Republic of Macedonia, 2017; National, ages 15-64
| Year | Value | Reference/Comment |
|---|---|---|
| 2017 | 54.1% | 1A A |
| 2024 | 43.4% | 1B |
- WHO. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2023. Available at: https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/country-profiles/tobacco/gtcr-2023/tobacco-2023-mkd.pdf?sfvrsn=5cd39762_3&download=true. Accessed: 10 June 2025.
- WHO. (2025). WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco use 2000–2024 and projections 2025–2030 (6th edn). World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240116276
- Adults survey: General population survey on drugs in the Republic of Macedonia, 2017; National, ages 15-64
- WHO. (2025). WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco use 2000–2024 and projections 2025–2030 (6th edn). World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240116276
Śmiertelność
| Year | Value | Reference/Comment |
|---|---|---|
| 2016 | 4,051 | 1A |
| 2021 | 4,146 | 1B A |
- The Tobacco Atlas. Available at: https://tobaccoatlas.org/topic/deaths/ Data source: GBD 2016 Risk Factors Collaborators.
- Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021. https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-results/
- Number of tobacco-related deaths in the population in 2021 by gender for all age groups. Tobacco-related mortality includes smoking tobacco use, smokeless tobacco use and second-hand smoke.
| Year | Value | Reference/Comment |
|---|---|---|
| 2016 | 1,147 | 1A |
| 2021 | 1,297 | 1B A |
- The Tobacco Atlas. Available at: https://tobaccoatlas.org/topic/deaths/ Data source: GBD 2016 Risk Factors Collaborators.
- Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021. https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-results/
- Number of tobacco-related deaths in the population in 2021 by gender for all age groups. Tobacco-related mortality includes smoking tobacco use, smokeless tobacco use and second-hand smoke.
| Year | Value | Reference/Comment |
|---|---|---|
| 2016 | 2,904 | 1A |
| 2021 | 2,849 | 1B A |
- The Tobacco Atlas. Available at: https://tobaccoatlas.org/topic/deaths/ Data source: GBD 2016 Risk Factors Collaborators.
- Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021. https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-results/
- Number of tobacco-related deaths in the population in 2021 by gender for all age groups. Tobacco-related mortality includes smoking tobacco use, smokeless tobacco use and second-hand smoke.
| Year | Value | Reference/Comment |
|---|---|---|
| 2016 | 21.16% | 1A |
| 2021 | 12.66% | 1B A |
- The Tobacco Atlas. Available at: https://tobaccoatlas.org/topic/deaths/ Data source: GBD 2016 Risk Factors Collaborators.
- Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021. https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-results/
- Percentage of tobacco-related deaths to deaths from all causes in 2021 by gender for all age groups. Tobacco-related mortality includes smoking tobacco use, smokeless tobacco use and second-hand smoke.
| Year | Value | Reference/Comment |
|---|---|---|
| 2016 | 11.2% | 1A |
| 2021 | 8.75% | 1B A |
- The Tobacco Atlas. Available at: https://tobaccoatlas.org/topic/deaths/ Data source: GBD 2016 Risk Factors Collaborators.
- Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021. https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-results/
- Percentage of tobacco-related deaths to deaths from all causes in 2021 by gender for all age groups. Tobacco-related mortality includes smoking tobacco use, smokeless tobacco use and second-hand smoke.
| Year | Value | Reference/Comment |
|---|---|---|
| 2016 | 25.1% | 1A |
| 2021 | 15.9% | 1B A |
- The Tobacco Atlas. Available at: https://tobaccoatlas.org/topic/deaths/ Data source: GBD 2016 Risk Factors Collaborators.
- Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021. https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-results/
- Percentage of tobacco-related deaths to deaths from all causes in 2021 by gender for all age groups. Tobacco-related mortality includes smoking tobacco use, smokeless tobacco use and second-hand smoke.
- Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021. https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-results/
- Number of tobacco-related deaths in the population in 2021 by gender for all age groups. Tobacco-related mortality includes smoking tobacco use, smokeless tobacco use and second-hand smoke.
- Percentage of tobacco-related deaths to deaths from all causes in 2021 by gender for all age groups. Tobacco-related mortality includes smoking tobacco use, smokeless tobacco use and second-hand smoke.
Promocja produktu
- WHO. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2023. Available at: https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/country-profiles/tobacco/gtcr-2023/tobacco-2023-mkd.pdf?sfvrsn=5cd39762_3&download=true. Accessed: 10 June 2025.
Regulacje
- WHO. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2023. Available at: https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/country-profiles/tobacco/gtcr-2023/tobacco-2023-mkd.pdf?sfvrsn=5cd39762_3&download=true. Accessed: 10 June 2025.
- There are certain restrictions to consider.
Dostępność
- WHO. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2023. Available at: https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/country-profiles/tobacco/gtcr-2023/tobacco-2023-mkd.pdf?sfvrsn=5cd39762_3&download=true. Accessed: 10 June 2025.
- World Bank. Cigarettes containing tobacco imports by country in 2023. Available at: https://wits.worldbank.org/trade/comtrade/en/country/ALL/year/2023/tradeflow/Imports/partner/WLD/product/240220. Accessed: 2 July 2025.
- There are certain restrictions to consider.
- An import license is required.
Regulacje i ograniczenia
- WHO. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2023. Available at: https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/country-profiles/tobacco/gtcr-2023/tobacco-2023-mkd.pdf?sfvrsn=5cd39762_3&download=true. Accessed: 10 June 2025.
Podatek
- WHO. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2023. Available at: https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/country-profiles/tobacco/gtcr-2023/tobacco-2023-mkd.pdf?sfvrsn=5cd39762_3&download=true. Accessed: 10 June 2025.
- Total taxes: 76.99%
Publikacje
The European Union (EU) Tobacco Products Directive (TPD) 2016 Changes to the EU TPD
- No Fire, No Smoke: The Global State of Tobacco Harm Reduction
The TPD is a Directive of the EU which means that all EU countries must ‘transpose’ or incorporate the TPD requirements into their national laws. The only flexibility permitted is the ability to enact additional regulations. The current Directive entered into force on 19th May 2014 and became applicable in the EU Member States on 20th May 2016.
In 2014 a revised Tobacco Products Directive known as TPD 2 was issued by the EU to update the 2001 Tobacco Products Directive. TPD2 regulates all tobacco products in the European Union and its scope is wide. It covers product regulation in terms of reporting obligations of ingredients and emissions for all tobacco products. It includes product packaging and labelling including the size and appearance of products, traceability features to be fixed onto packaging as well as health warnings. It covers cross-border advertising of tobacco products; it reinforces the ban on oral tobacco products (snus), but importantly it provides for the placing on the market of e-cigarettes and refill containers, as well as making provision for notification of novel tobacco products. It also provides for herbal cigarettes.
See also p. 96 of the report: No Fire, No Smoke: The Global State of Tobacco Harm Reduction 2018 — Global State of Tobacco Harm Reduction (gsthr.org)
